The Significance of Sharia Law for Muslims in the UK Free Essay Example, 5500 words

Family law is Koran oriented on how individuals should treat women, children, orphans and dependents. Penal laws as provided for in the Koran provide for moral sanctions against transgressions. The rationale for Ismalic/Sharia law was to ensure that orphans, women and those who were generally characterized as dependents enjoyed an improved position. The Sharia law also sought to constrain sexual morality and to fortify the institution of marriage, to curtail vengeance and to codify moral standards. From about the 19th century onward, Islam and Western civilizations increasingly came into contact. Up until this time, Sharia law had been able to sustain and regulate the internal workings of Islamic states. However, external forces politically and socially began to manifest itself with the period of colonialism. Rigid Sharai law and doctrine of taqlid (established tradition) conflicted with the Muslim society s requirement to adhere to Westernization. In this regard, the degree to whic h Western laws were adopted among the various Islamic states depended in large part on the urgency to which specific Islamic states were required to adhere to Western conditions. For the most part, civil and commercial laws exposed the greatest weaknesses in Sharia law and were the first to be adopted. We will write a custom essay sample on The Significance of Sharia Law for Muslims in the UK or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now These areas were significant for adopting modern trade and economic systems. Some criminal penalties were also regarded as inconsistent with international human rights discourse and were abandoned in some Islamic states. These penalties included deterrence principles of law, such as limb amputations for theft and stoning for women suspected of adultery. In any event, European criminal and commercial laws were cornerstones of the 19th century Ottoman Empire which permitted the establishment of a separate system of laws for European citizens in Islamic states. 7 In this regard, modern Islamic states, for the most part, are either entirely dominated by Sharia law or ordinary laws or maintain pluralistic legal systems in which ordinary civil courts exist for the purpose of regulating non-Muslims and Sharia courts exist for the purpose of regulating social control over Muslims.

Descriptive Essay About Friendship - 921 Words

Friendship is a bond between two or more people. I can choose who I desire to be friends with. However, some friends are brought by fate. Sherry and I, are like magnets. Our personality and social status is different. Yet down the road, we became really close friends. Sherry have a similar background as me. She can be careless but, sometimes she can be really sensitive. No matter in school or outside of school, I always spot her in a T-shirt with blue jeans and sneakers. We have several conflicts because of our different point of view. We have discussed the reason why we are friends when we are completely opposite of each other. We agreed we wouldn’t become friends if we actually met in China. She is energetic and rebellious. While, I’m†¦show more content†¦There is a fairly light red across her wrist, my heart just dropped to the stomach. I think I know what that is, but I don’t understand the reason why. â€Å"What are you doing?† I texted her, hoping everything is alright. â€Å" you saw it, I cut myself.† she texted me back. I’m so confused. She was so cheerful in the morning and now she cut herself. I shut off the computer and send a video chat request, a few seconds later she picked up. â€Å"What’s going on?† I asked with great concern. â€Å"I’m just tired, I tried that before. It doesn’t hurt, don’t worry.† she answered giggling. â€Å"So you are doing it again? Why?† I asked trying to keep calm. â€Å"She hated me, want me to go die.† She stated and waving her arm. She is starting to freak me out, it’s the first time I have ever met a situation like this. We talked for hours and hours, she told me about her life, her parents, her siblings, and school. All of her problems, thoughts, and concerns. She is on the edge; she is so stressed out about everything. I tried the best to comfort her, discussing about her career, all the places we want to go together, talking about our favorite shows and getting celebrities’ autograph. Then, around three o’clock in the morning she calmed down. We promised if anything significant happened in our lives, we will tell each other and not do dumb things. Sherry and I are friends, what is friends? I believe friends are the folks that stands by my side no matter whatShow MoreRelatedDescriptive Essay About Friendship1528 Words   |  7 Pagesrealized that the hum of their gears sliding together matched with that of mine, and that maybe together we could make a symphony of hums, ticks, and tocks that the likes of had never been seen. This was the start of what I thought was the best friendship that the world would ever see. The mind of a child who’s imagination had been guided by millions of worlds worth of stories can be a beautiful place, but the major problem of the stories that I read when I was younger all had a common fault thatRead MoreDescriptive Essay About Friendship729 Words   |  3 Pages I once believed that a strong friendship could withstand anything, but all it takes is a minor disagreement or sarcastic comment to ruin one. My best friend Michaela and I could hardly contain our excitement as we stepped out of my dad s white convertible in front of the community building. We were wearing matching burgundy dresses for our friend Nancy s  quinceanera and the night had finally arrived.   Nancy greeted us at the door where we marveled over her sparkly teal dress. We couldn t waitRead MoreDescriptive Essay About Friendship1312 Words   |  6 PagesBright lights and holding poses we smiled even bigger for the camera. This day was really important to me because I learned the impo rtance of everlasting friendship. We were all tired, but we wouldn t stop until we got the perfect picture. We took both videos and photos and hunted for the best spots in the yard. Even after sweating in the Indiana sun beating down on us, we still worked. Hours of editing and work gone into these photos and we finally picked 10 out of the hundreds. I might not haveRead MoreDescriptive Essay About Friendship2251 Words   |  10 Pagesstutters through his last sentence. He turns around to face me. Behind him the sky is starting to light up with the morning sun. We stand barely feet apart in an alley. He starts to close the gap between us and I am frozen in place. We kiss and i forget about the stress and chaos of the bar. I am no longer in a cold, dark alleyway but am soaring above the skyscrapers. A couple weeks pass after that night and we are nearly inseparable. When he is not on stage he is sitting close to my side in a boothRead MorePsychology Tma021554 Words   |  7 Pagesstudying children’s friendships taken in the Bigelow and La Gaipa (1975) study with that taken by William Corsaro. In this essay you will read about the many similarities and differences of the study and research of children’s friendships expectations, which were approached by Bigelow and La Gaipa (1975) and William Corsaro (2006). Firstly I will introduce both of the different approaches and methods and I will then later go into the results of their work. I will later go on to talk about the problemsRead Morethe farewell party741 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿ESSAY- The Farewell Party Brainstorm: Paragraph 1- Who is leaving, and why, and when the farewell party is Paragraph 2- Planning the farewell party Paragraph 3- What happened during the party ( 5 senses, descriptive ) Paragraph 4- the reaction of the people there Read MoreReflection Essay1256 Words   |  6 Pagespassion for writing poetry and also writing short stories about my life. In my high school English class, each Tuesday would be designated in writing for twenty minutes constantly about a given topic. I found that as a writer, I write the best about topics relating to me personally. However, in Rhetoric and Composition, I was able to learn new skills that allowed me to improve as a writer.   In Rhetoric and Composition, I composed essays about my own subculture, a unique place of im portance, and a subcultureRead MoreThe Boy in Striped Pyjamas1080 Words   |  5 Pagesfor power. Essentially when we closely examine the idea of power in literature, we see that much of the conflict in novels is about power; the struggle to gain, maintain or redress the balance of power. The need for power is a reality of life; to use or abuse, to claim or deny, own or disown, to marginalize or empower. This theme is omnipresent throughout literature about the Holocaust. Hitler and his struggle for power and dominance are infamous. Novels and films set in World War II often examineRead MoreFinding Clarity In The Obscurity Of â€Å"Why Privacy Matters†.1283 Words   |  6 PagesFinding clarity in the obscurity of â€Å"Why Privacy Matters† In his essay â€Å"Why Privacy Matters† from The Wilson Quarterly, Jeffrey Rosen offers a compelling account of the harmful effects of eradicating our privacy. Rosen ventures into several different fields affected by the ever-growing intrusion of our privacy, offering a rich compendium of illustrations from the real world. From Monica Lewinsky’s fate under her investigation, to a Charles Schwab employee, Rosen offers a prolific arsenal of incidentsRead MoreDifference between an Interview and Group Discussion1484 Words   |  6 PagesThis essay will show the use of friendship pairs in interviews for marketing research. In the beginning of each research it has to be clarified what kind of research ahs to be done. So first it has to be analized what kind of data would be of interest. Data of a wide range of respondents would be collected by questionnaire, which is shorter in time and could be easier analysed. If the topic is more complex, it could be of interest to have more detailed data. Therefor a focus group discussion could

Irony in Oedipus Rex Essay Example For Students

Irony in Oedipus Rex Essay Oedipus Rex, by the Greek playwright Sophocles, is, without a doubt, one of the greatest examples of dramatic irony. There are many instances where the audience knows so much more than the main characters, and Sophocles uses irony to point to Oedipus as Laius murderer as well.Additionally, Oedipus is most definitely a tragic hero-he had a tragic flaw, namely that he was relentless and often rash in his search for the truth about Laius death and his killer; this ultimately lead to Oedipus own destruction. He also refuses to compromise or humble himself before others and stubbornly refuses to allow others to express different opinions from their own. Oedipus is so arrogant and self-confident that he challenges the will of the gods (hence, the entire basis of the play). One of the early examples of dramatic irony in the play is during the scene in which Oedipus accuses Creon of plotting against him with Teiresias, an old, blind prophet. Creon is a great friend to Oedipus, and Teiresias, by at first refusing to reveal the murderer is trying to protect Oedipus, not plot against him. This is ironic because what is actually occurring is the opposite of what is perceived. Additionally, it is extremely ironic that Teiresias is blind. His old age represents his wisdom, and his physical blindness is ironic because he is able to see the reality in Oedipus situation. Conversely, Oedipus is not physically blind, but is unable to see the truth. During the play Teiresias reminds Oedipus of his ability to solve the riddle of the Sphinx in the past, and he presents another riddle. The irony of the riddles is that although Oedipus had solved the first one to lift Thebes plague, he did not realize that it was symbolic of his own life. To contribute to the irony, Oed ipus curses Laius murderer and vows to avenge the former kings death. He is virtually condemning himself. His speeches foreshadow his imminent doom- he is destined by the gods to be a victim, and there is nothing he can do to escape the fate he once learned of from the oracle. As a tragic hero, Oedipus is the classic definition. He has many characteristics of a great leader- strong, upright, clever, proud, arrogant, etc. However, these attributes also add to his downfall. He makes, rash, hasteful decisions at times, especially in front of the people. When Teiresias and Creon encourage him to speak privately of what they have discovered, he refuses to listen because he cannot imagine that it would possibly regard a matter that would defame him. Oedipus is shocked when Teiresias tells him the truth, and then reverses the accusation by declaring that Teiresias actually is responsible or Laius murder. Thus, we can see that Oedipus is rich, proud, and stubborn. He does not wish to see the reality of the situation- and his virtual blindness will lead him make himself physically blind in the end when he finally sees his mistakes. This classic Greek play is indeed one of most proficient examples of irony and a tragic hero. Sophocles ability to withhold information and use irony to build up suspense is unique. He effectively creates an intriguing plot with his strong, well-developed characters. Bibliography:

The First World War Ended the European Domination of the World Essay Example Essay Example

The First World War Ended the European Domination of the World Essay Example Paper The First World War Ended the European Domination of the World Essay Introduction The First World War in the beginning of the twentieth century is remembered as horrific and the savagery of mankind. It was the clash between the powers and the show off stage for their national pride. It was truly a struggle for dominance and delivered nothing but destruction and their downfall. The First World War surely ended the European domination of the world. It was a fair cycle of history that took away the baton of prolonged European imperialism to other rising regions such as Asia and America. It was surely the war that caused European downfall in economy, political unstableness, and change in their tension toward internal and external neighboring borders. The war was a controversial warfare in an immense scale that had no differentiation in both military combatants and civilians. This type warfare also known as the â€Å"total war† had brought European economies in demolition due to the over concentration on military spending. Politically, rise of republican governm ents along with new socialist ideas and the decline of monarchist system which was a strong centralized power contributed in the part of the shift in power. The First World War Ended the European Domination of the World Essay Body Paragraphs The war provided the foothold for newly industrialized states: the United States and Japan to join the race along with the European powers. Aftermath of the war gave opportunity to the worldwide independent movements especially in India and Arabian nations once firmly controlled by mighty British regime. Also, Chinese May 4th movement which was cultural and socio political reform proved the once European dominated regions were no longer in the hands of their influence. The war that crudely consumed colonies’ rights and possessions not only brought the resistance but heightened the nationalistic ideas within the colonized states. The process of European downfall in their dominance of the world originated within their inevitable competence. Vigorously outstretched European imperialism between the late 19th century and the First World War brought overwhelming power to the European states. Rivalry was impossible to be avoided which then divided Europe into major alliance systems i n attempts to balance each other’s power. This system in Europe created tension that changed their worldly interest into their close borders. Thus, the First World War was the event that ceased the European egocentric behavior followed by the shift of powers and their gradual falls in their dominance of the world. The First World War tremendously changed the balance of world powers. The war brought nothing but destruction to the entire European nations and inevitably brought economical downfall in Europe. This demolition gave rise to the other regional powers: the United States of America and Imperial Japan. During the war, each European power used the slogan of ‘total war† which was the mobilization of all their available resources, in order to render beyond use their rival’s capacity for resistance. The total war mostly occurred in the land of Europe and it was truly a severe damage to the European 19th century’s prosperity. The total war expenditu re by the European participators was listed as 190 billion dollars including the other indirect spending which was approximately 160 billion dollars. This was close to thirty percent of the European countries’ national wealth. Within the war period, accumulated European wealth that was built on through a long imperialism which maintained European dominance in the world was wastefully evaporated. Also, the post war wound was prevalent throughout the European continent. Industrialized German and French cities fell into ruins and Britain who was less damaged in their homeland also lost about 7,759,000 tons of merchant values throughout the war. Thoroughly, the European economies wrecked each other while passing their capital to an emerging America. By contrast, The United States whose exports were not even close to the half of British market in the late 19th century ascended greater than any other countries in the world. The First World War constructed America into a frontier of exporting weapons and provisions that promptly grasped the country into the position as the major power. Also, debenture bonds were enormously issued to European states by American government to heal the post war wounds. This event led American industries and agriculture into the most dominating structure in the world. From this economical gain, American government could construct powerful military organization that eventually influenced the Pacific, Asia and European regions. Similarly, Imperial Japanese exports were prevalent in the war where it blasted Japanese economy. The war founded the foothold for Japan to implement their imperialistic dreams in Asia. Backboned by these economical achievements, Japan was promptly able to develop its military systems. Whilst European powers turned its eyes to the continent of Europe, Japanese expansion in Asia was flourished. For example, Japanese military seized German settlements in Tsingtao China and German pacific colonies such as Marian a and Caroline in the year of 1914. Thus, another European power that dominated the region fell on the grip of a new emerging power in Asia. Thus, the First World War donated non-European powers such as America and Japan opportunities to emerge as the next influence of power. Moreover, political effect by the First World War was also as great as economical downfall in Europe. Imperialistic governments once dominated the world were fallen apart by the end of the war. Revolution in Russia caused Russian Empire to be torn down and replaced with a socialist styled government that killed millions of people in the process. Austro-Hungarian Empire, the representation of old Holy Roman Empire was no longer exists. Also, the maps of Eastern Europe and the Middle East were redrawn causing minorities to limit power of the pre-existed empires. When European Imperialism began to fall behind, the most popular type of government to gain influence was the republic. Before the war, Europe contained 19 monarchies and 3 republics, yet only a few years afterward, had 13 monarchies, 14 republics and 2 regencies. Evidently, revolution was in the air and people began to more ardently express their desires for a better way of life. Also, Socialism erupted as a major political force mainly through Russia. The introduction of Socialistic ideas which emphasized peace: â€Å"a strong desire to avoid conflicts and loss,† and â€Å"all workers united† began to implant the humanistic terms into the minds of Europeans which limit the idea of Imperialism throughout the world. Thus, the societies of European nations changed by their class systems altered the lower class consciousness to be evolved as well as forging a non-imperial identity. This political turmoil during the post war, Europe was mostly engaged in their domestic issues that paid lesser attention to rest of the world. While The First World War caused Europe to be engaged in their economical and political reorganizat ion, the European colonized states sought the opportunity to regain their oppressed identities. Additionally, The Fourteen Points that was delivered by the United States President Woodrow Wilson’s speech at a joint session of congress in 1918 greatly influenced the independence movement throughout the world. Basically, the speech emphasized n the â€Å"national self-reliance† which constructed a foundation that annihilated the 19th century styled European world order. Fall of Ottoman Empire once vastly controlled the Middle Eastern region introduced new nationalistic movements. New Turkish and Iranian nationalists ceased the prolonged Islamic activities and sought their national identity and pride that caused resistance to European influences. Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, the founder of Republic of Turkey resisted the European influence by beating back the British and French supported Greek invasion. In the case of India, British government anxiously persuaded the Indian sta tes to be part of the war in return for their independency. However, the promise was eventually declined by Britain that provoked Hindu nationalists and their provincial governments to be engaged in anti-British movement. Many Indian resistances were significantly prevalent throughout the region. â€Å"Salt March† organized by Gandhi was the important part of the Indian independence movements. It was a non-violent protest that triggered the wider â€Å"Civil Disobedience Movement. The movement encouraged Indian people for taking disobedience action toward the colonial rule. This event inspired many other nations and minorities who were under the oppressors. Also, sphere of influence by the European powers on China was no longer stayed as a presiding effect when the war ended. â€Å"May Fourth Movement,† often referred to as â€Å"New Cultural Movement† in China was anti-imperialist, cultural, and political movement that triggered Chinese nationalism. Similar to Indian independence movement, the movement was originated when the European powers did not vow to acknowledge the Chinese effort in the war. From this incident, Chinese were led to create a new strong nationalist party that resisted all of imperialistic terms that were forced by the European powers and Japan. Weakened European influence throughout the world due to the First World War caused political organization of once oppressed states. The war surely ended the sole of European domination of the world. The First World War brought changes in the order of the world. Prolonged European dominated world was surely a different place when the war ended. Over confidence from European economical, political, and military astonishments plunged Europe into rivalry states to each other that led them into a disaster. Also, total war wastefully used up almost half of the European national wealth that was accumulated during 19th century when European powers were at its climax of prosperity. Thes e expenses seriously damaged the European economy which meant declination of their power in the world and the rise to non-European states: the United States of America and Imperial Japan. These two countries profited enormously by exporting weapons and agricultural products during the war. On the other hand, harsh regulations implemented on colonies during the war, by the nature of total war, gave permanent reasons for nationalistic movements to occur throughout the world. It was independence movements that were against the idea of Imperial power in search for their identity. As well as the economic downfall, political instability along with the fall of European empires was another leading source of Europe’s losing its power. Emergence of Socialism and the creation of Republican states brought Europe into turmoil. All of these events took place by the end of the war that forced Europe to donate the baton of power to non-European emerging states: the United States of America a nd Imperial Japan. Thoroughly, the First World War affected European economy and its politics that surely closed the curtain on European domination of the world. We will write a custom essay sample on The First World War Ended the European Domination of the World Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The First World War Ended the European Domination of the World Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The First World War Ended the European Domination of the World Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

The postmodern identity and the key points it is based on

The introduction: the fundamentals of the novel While analyzing the novel written by William Gibson, I would like to point out one of the most important or key elements the novel is based on. In other words, I would like to define its basic idea. In my opinion, the author represents new aspects of identity. Generally, it is a cyberspace, which determines the postmodern identity.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The postmodern identity and the key points it is based on specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It seems the novel is related to modern Western society and discloses the so-called social issues. The author appeals to the readers’ present life; no future aspects are considered in the novel. Benjamin Fair is of the opinion that Gibson’s production â€Å"illustrates how technology and global capitalism influence our ontology by generating a world of images that have no original referent: meaning is c ut loose from our surroundings, so that the self and the world we knew are in question† (92). On the other hand, the novel discovers political unpleasant consequences. As far as the novel reflects a cyberpunk genre, one can make a conclusion that the perspectives the author highlights are recognized to be malicious. This can be called the glorification of postmodernism. However, according to Gibson’s novel, a cyberspace gives an opportunity to feel what freedom and joy are. Robert M. Geraci says that â€Å"Gibson explores the possibilities inherent in a futuristic dystopia. He shows that there is a technological good life even amid the tragedy of a world that has lived through economic and environmental decline† (972). The thesis statement William Gibson’s novel Neuromancer highlights reality issues of a virtual world. The description of a cyberspace and its constituents is one of the key points the author wants to draw the readers’ attention to. Re ligion-science discussion is one of the key ideas Gibson wanted to disclose; although the idea seems to be hidden. The body: the reality of an objective postmodern culture While reading the novel, my first impression was really clear and obvious; however, later I’ve understood that it was not clear, but fallacious. Thus, I thought that the author wanted to show a dystopian pessimism. In other words, I supposed it was his principal aim. Anyway, it was a shortage of positive alternatives that made me to become alerted and doubt the first impression. So, my opinion has been changed. It was probably a utopian pessimism the author wanted to highlight in his novel. In this case, one can make a conclusion that the future is not as dark as the author states. â€Å"Neuromancer’s Rastas illustrate a positive political alternative to Gibson’s dark future, but only in the light of the sociohistorical contextAdvertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's s ee if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More of Rastafari as a religious and political movement† (Fair 93). To my mind, the description of Rastafarian culture determines the fundamentals of postmodern identity. In his novel, the author protests against European colonial society. It seems that, on the one hand, postmodern reality is determined by the contact between the genre and modern techno-culture. For instance, Victoria de Zwaan is of the opinion that â€Å"following the arguments about late capitalism by Mandel and Jameson, a number of critics situate cyberpunk in a postmodern reality† (1). So, my assumption can be correct. Fictional reality embraces numerous structures, which are hidden from our mind. However, the author tries to disclose them step by step. For instance, when reading the novel, it becomes evident that postmodern reality or culture, etc. is created by the conditions Gibson describes. In other words, there are the glo bal realities, which create a postmodern world. That means that Gibson’s area of investigation is considered to be an objective postmodern culture. Numerous critical discussions of Gibson’s genre include not only technologies and science, but also important psychological issues, namely lack of self-confidence or indecision, contemporary culture, etc. In his novel, Gibson compares two worlds. In my opinion, the description Case vs. Maelcum is one of the most difficult to understand. Strength and faithfulness vs. lack of confidence is one of the most controversial questions the novel highlights. So, some philosophical issues are also explored by the author. Confluence and its opposite side are recognized to be the key aspects of the novel. The rejection of identity is the point Gibson is interested in. In my opinion, the symbolical meaning of physical identity rejection is a sure death. Case’s â€Å"total rejection of his own physical identity is juxtaposed with a reference to embodiment that affirms it as the source of his power† (Fair 98). Angel Mateos-Aparicio states that virtual world and a reality â€Å"could not be reduced to narrative time displacement or to the use of some conventional technological or scientific motifs† (4). For this reason, the readers are to analyze critical and philosophical conceptions. I suppose that such investigation can help the readers to understand the peculiarities of the genre Gibson creates. However, in my opinion, the issue, which is really problematic, is the difference or contradiction between the objective reality and imagination. Moreover, the problem is crucial in relation to postmodern criticism. â€Å"One of the main projects of postmodernism was the revision of the traditional role of narrative as a transparent means of linguistic representation† (Mateos-Aparicio 4).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The postmodern identity and the key points it is base d on specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Taking into account postmodern theories, one can make a conclusion that it is human experience, which most of the cyberpunk stories are based on. In this case, the readers are to draw their attention to a powerful cognitive aspect. Thus, it becomes obvious that there is no need to identify reality issues and virtual or imaginative ones. Moreover, the readers can consider numerous virtual things as the constituent parts of the real world or the so-called philosophical reality. The aspects of symbolism and metaphor the author relies on are recognized to be of cognitive origin. Metaphysical genre the author represents gives us the idea about narrative settings. I suppose that a utopian pessimism is still considered to be the main idea of the novel; although some critics may disagree with my opinion. Thus, â€Å"Moylan rejects the Zion cluster as a utopian alternative to the dystopia of postindustria l capitalism in the novel. He finds that the Zionite Rastas consistently adhere to patriarchal, capitalist, and colonial models† (Fair 93). However, to confirm my own ideas, I would like to rely on the opinion of a French philosopher Jean Baudrillard, who states that â€Å"the real world has become utopian and that fictional models provide an experience of what reality has actually turned into† (Mateos-Aparicio 5). So, in this case, I suppose that utopian world is exactly the hidden point the author wanted to disclose in his novel. In my opinion, Gibson didn’t want to highlight the contradictions between the reality and a virtual world as most of the people may think. On the contrary, the key aspect is not a conflict between the two worlds, but their structure. In other words, the aspects, which the readers are to draw their attention to, are totally different structures the reality and imaginative world represent. The conclusion: the meaning of Gibson’s n ovel â€Å"The problem of cybernetic system feedback is not limited to the themes and techniques in texts; it leads to questioning the very purpose of constructing futuristic narratives† (Csicsery-Ronay, Jr. 1). In my opinion, the author represents the human conditions in respect of two different realities. Thus, he compares the issues, which structure is not similar. In his novel, Gibson relies on the concept of neofuturism, in order to resolve the contradictions which appear. Gibson tries to disclose numerous hidden issues a virtual world includes. The description of countercultures is one of the key aspects the author highlights in his work. Thus, in Tony Myers’s work one can read â€Å"although the dominant culture always looms in the background—in the multinational corporations as well as in the form of a few powerful individuals the surface attention is all on the counterculture† (889). I suppose that metaphoric origin of the novel prevents the read ers’ understanding of the novel. In other words, there are some hidden issues are related to cognitive connotation, which is not so easy to recognize.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Anyway, in my opinion, Gibson gives his readers some prompts concerning the most important points of the novel. He discloses some philosophical conceptions, which arouse the readers’ interest and help to understand that first impression is not really what the readers need. Works Cited Csicsery-Ronay, Jr., Istvan. The Sentimental Futurist: Cybernetics and Art in William  Gibson’s Neuromancer, 1992. Web. Fair, Benjamin. Stepping Razor in Orbit: Postmodern Identity and Political  Alternatives in William Gibson’s Neuromancer, 2005. Web. Geraci, Robert. Robots and the Sacred in Science and Science Fiction: Theological  Implications of Artificial Intelligence, 2007. Web. Mateos-Aparicio, Angel. The Symbolism of Synthetic Space in Cube (1997):  Postmodern SF Film as Consensual Hallucination, 1997. Web. Myers, Tony. The Postmodern Imaginary in William Gibson’s Neuromancer, 2001. Web. Zwaan, Victoria. Rethinking the Slipstream: Kathy Acker Reads Neuromance r, 1997. Web. This essay on The postmodern identity and the key points it is based on was written and submitted by user Hydro-Man to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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Reading for the Implied Main Idea

Reading for the Implied Main Idea Before getting into a discussion on how to find an implied main idea, you have to know what the main idea is in the first place. The main idea of a paragraph is the point of the passage, minus all the details. Its the big picture - the Solar System vs. the planets. The football game vs. the fans, cheerleaders, quarterback, and uniforms. The Oscars vs. actors, the red carpet, designer gowns, and films. Its the summary. What Is an Implied Main Idea? Sometimes, a reader will get lucky and the main idea will be a stated main idea, where the main idea is easy to find because its written directly in the text. However, many of the passages youll read on a standardized test like the SAT or GRE will have an implied main idea, which is a little trickier. If the author doesnt directly state the main idea of the text, its up to you to infer what the main idea is. Finding the implied main idea is easier if you think of the passage as a box. Inside the box, is a random group of stuff (the details of the passage). Pull each item from the box and try to figure out what they each have in common, kind of like the game Tri-Bond. Once youve figured out what the common bond is among each of the items, youll be able to summarize the passage in a snap. How to Find the Implied Main Idea Read the passage of text.Ask this question to yourself: What do each of the details of the passage have in common?In your own words, find the common bond among all the details of the passage and the authors point about this bond.Compose a short sentence stating the bond and what the author says about the bond. Step 1: Read the Implied Main Idea Example When youre with your friends, its okay to be loud and use slang. Theyll expect it and they arent grading you on your grammar. When youre standing in a boardroom or sitting for an interview, you should use your best English possible, and keep your tone suitable to the working environment. Try to gauge the personality of the interviewer and the setting of the workplace before cracking jokes or speaking out of turn. If youre ever in a position to speak publicly, always ask about your audience, and modify your language, tone, pitch and topic based on what you think the audiences preferences would be. Youd never give a lecture about atoms to third-graders! Step 2: Whats the Common Thread? In this case, the author is writing about hanging out with friends, going on an interview, and speaking publicly, which, at first glance, dont seem to relate to each other that much. If you find a common bond among all them, though, youll see that the author is giving you different situations and then telling us to speak differently in each setting (use slang with friends, be respectful and quiet in an interview, modify your tone publicly). The common bond is speaking, which will have to be part of the implied main idea. Step 3. Summarize the Passage A sentence like Different situations requires different kinds of speech would fit perfectly as the implied main idea of that passage. We had to infer that because the sentence doesnt appear anywhere in the paragraph, but it was easy enough to find this implied main idea when you looked at the common bond uniting each idea.

Marketing strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marketing strategies - Essay Example For marketing strategies to be effectively implemented there must be marketing objectives. These objectives shape the perception and approach to the market. The objectives are generated in regards to the requirements and goals set by the management team. Kotler & Armstrong points out that marketing objectives are set as goals that an organization tends to achieve in terms of acquiring a greater competitive advantage over other organizations (65). Marketing objectives are also used as measurement tools of the effectiveness of the strategies applied in the market. If a marketing strategy satisfies all the requirements stipulated in the objectives, it is allowed a greater lifeline in an organization. Additionally, marketing objectives dictate the mode in which promotional activities will be integrated. Promotional activities are activities that are used in the marketing of an organization’s goods and services. In referring to the definition by Kotler & Armstrong promotional activ ities are forms and ways of marketing implemented by organizations (112). Promotional activities include personal selling, exhibitions, media marketing, corporate image, public relations and sales promotion. Depending on the organizational culture and marketing objectives, an organization selects the forms of promotional activities to be implemented in the organizational system. ... In such an organization, the first objective would be to create a corporate image for the facility. This can be done by providing special services and offers upon interest on the facility. The organization may also a marketing objective of reaching out to corporate bodies. To realize this objective the most proper promotional activity to be implemented would be personal selling. By personal selling the relationship between the interested parties and the organization is more personalized (Kotler & Armstrong 89). In a sporting facility a good public relation with the communities is a compulsory objective. In this case, the organization may opt to implement Corporate Social responsibility as a promotional activity and tool. This entails organizing communal activities and funding community projects (Kotler & Armstrong 64). From the analysis one could easily argue that the objectives set by an organization in terms of acquiring a greater market support significantly dictates the type of t he promotional activities used by an organization. The integration of promotional activities is done by an analysis of the opportunities that the market presents to an organization. For instance, if an organization aims to capture the attention of a specific market population for example the young people: the advertising promotional activity would be integrated in a way that social sites and trendy magazines are effectively exhausted (Kotler & Armstrong 77). What is the importance of the three extra elements of the service mix to you as the customer? According to Kotler & Armstrong it is human nature for a consumer to be selective in the way they chose to relate to an organization (154). This relationship is a great determinant of the consumer’s allegiance to an

Business Organisational Behaviour - Survey Report Essay

Business Organisational Behaviour - Survey Report - Essay Example The faster the company makes decisions, the more performance oriented it gets and vice versa. But Decision making process in the contemporary business scenario is more complex than it may seem. Each decision comes fraught with its own challenges, risks and traps. The process needs optimization.. Empowerment of employees to make decisions has its own benefits in perpetuation of company culture, homogenization of ideas, reinforcement of team spirit and ethical governance, and increased social and corporate responsibility. Decision making is emerging as a key element that influences corporate strategizing in modern organizational theory and practice. The implications of decision making in an organization when studied intricately reveals that making decisions is not just about choosing a course A or course B in a given situation but impacting the overall environment of a company. Decision-making is a complex, multi-dimensional issue. While people may be sure that they expect authority, they may be less clear about what to do with it. (Gispenc & Rodgers). In this light we can view the results of the Client, Leader and Team survey and see how the results of the survey that show a mediocre rating for decision making rating by clients also have deeper ramifications on the quality of products, transparency practiced in an organization, cost measurement and services of a company. The most important cause and effect of Decision making is information availability. Information is the key input for a decision. It is also a key output. An examination of Decision-making in the Oval reveals the following. Decision making is inside the Oval and is located in the upper right hand quadrant of the Performance-Importance graph. In the Gap Analysis, Decision making falls in the upper right hand quadrant well within the acceptable levels but show a need for its further promotion. It can be seen that other related behaviors like Accountability,

How Useful is it to See the World as a Society of States Essay

How Useful is it to See the World as a Society of States - Essay Example These individuals will experience a sense of solidarity and unity which drives them to establish, in essence a common social identity (Bar-Tal, 2000, 1). Conversely, the state is the body that according to Weber has the sole right or monopoly of power over anyone living within its jurisdiction. Lenin, on the other hand, has a similar definition of the state as being bodies of armed men (Parkin, 2003, 13). In the definitions of both men, one overriding theme in the interpretation of the state is the monopoly of power. If a body of people can claim this monopoly and have legal backing, for example, through elections or constitutions, they will then have then the right to claim the state tag on them (Dunne, 1998, 124). Origin of societies, states and man The societies and states have their origin in the Homo Sapien Sapien. This is the modern man starting from the Cro-Magnon Man all the way to the current man. There are a number of evolutionary stages, three in number that led to the com plex societies that exist today (Buzan, 1992, 343). The first stage is the structure of consciousness emerging, which consists of the magical, the mythical, the deep consciousness, and the ego-focused mental consciousness. The second stage is that of the development of communication from development of speech, writing, print, wired and wireless, electronic and now internet, and the third stage is that of three evolutionary stages namely the â€Å"human revolution† causing emergence of the Homo Sapien Sapien, the agricultural revolution and the scientific plus industrial revolution (Banathy, 2000, 107). This article wishes to recognize the Genesis story in the bible and will continue to draw comparisons between the evolution story and the creation story. A lot of similarities will be drawn from the two stories. For example, the evolution of agriculture features on both stories. The creation story is based around this stage, for example, the statement in Genesis chapter 3 verse s 17-19 where man is cursed to tend to the ground so that it may produce food for him. This ground is cursed to produce weeds and thorns as per the need to punish man. The bible is replete with agricultural settings that enhance this argument. The same applies to print technology, which allows the ancient writers to preserve the various works of God and Jesus as they form the state of Israel. Though many may beg to differ with this article, the facts are that the two stories are more similar than they are different. Back to Banathy’s argument, there are six stages of the change to the current status of man. These stages are archaic sapiens at the bottom; the Cro-Magnon Man who comprises the first stage in Homo Sapien Sapien’s evolution, the next stage is that of agriculture/ancient Civilizations, the next stage is that, of scientific and industrial evolution, the next stage is emerging stage. The final stage comprises the consciousness, intellect and the way of life cl usters. It is not easy to quantify the actual origin of human society. Question that begs an answer is when exactly human society began. Early man was quite social. This is driven by the fact that evidence points to small groups coming together to hunt, gather fruits as well as protection. At

Four Seasons Competitive Advantage

Four Seasons Competitive Advantage The firm creates value by performing a series of activities that Porter identified as the value chain. To achieve a competitive advantage, Four Seasons must perform more value creating activities in a way that creates more overall value than do competitors. Identify Four Seasons core competence Isadore Sharp was graduated architecture degree. This subject was including buildings, design modules and so on. It assisted Sharp in building and designing hotel more uniqueness, sharp and feature design etc. In technology development activities support the inbound logistics, Four Seasons was innovation constantly, such as Sharp build luxury hotel with then-modern amenities andprovide air conditioning service, Four Seasons also combination of a motel and a down town hotel result in success immediately. Four Seasons hotels design in such can meet with ergonomic to make more comfortable. These valuable activities enable Four Seasons to implement strategies that improve more efficiency. Four Seasons possess these unique capabilities in building and design the hotels. The talented person (Sharp) was not easy to imitated and no equivalent strategic capabilities. For that reason Four Seasons hotel has superior innovation capabilities for developing and exploiting innovation ideas. In its operations, Four Seasons hotel offered accommodation. Also, it satisfies different customers different demand such as offer workout options, spa etc. The support activities of firm infrastructure are support the Four Seasons sustainability develop and create valuable resources. Nevertheless these operations can be copied by other rivalry. Four Seasons in order to continue to refine exceptional quality. In its outbound logistics, the first one provided 24-hour room service. E.g. when the guest arrive the hotel and check in at night, receptionist will allocate the room to guest immediately as if serves to guest in a day. As this result, Four Seasons had been transferred their service to their customers. For human resource management, Four Seasons was strong focus on hiring superior employees their attitude in particular and trained them extensively in order to treat others to provide friendly services which enable the hotel on the island became number one. In its firm infrastructure, Four Seasons had a clear strategic direction, planning, market needs and understand the market position currently. E.g. focus on build small to medium sized hotels of exceptional quality. Four Seasons in order to offer excellent service, it hired employees of different working time group i.e. night shift employees, it make Four Seasons can support to open 24-hour room service. These support activities support the outbound logistics. By this means, it created a significant value contribution to success. Four Seasons offer exceptional service to provide 24-hour room service. The first hotel chain open 24-hour room service in North America enable outbound activities was very rarely. However it is not easy to sustain its competitive advantage. In its marketing and sales practice, Four Seasons sustained build luxury hotel until current possess operate 72 hotels in 31 countries and became a leading player in luxury hotel. The brand name spread over luxury hotel business worldwide, because Four Seasons acquired very much hotel quality recognition awards. As the result Four Seasons was a very well-known brand. In the eyes of the customers, Four Seasons just like luxury feelings. Moreover, Four Seasons specializing in hotel management. Four Seasons had laid down performance standard enable the staff provided comprehensive service to customer so that the hotel even more famous. In firm infrastructure support the Four Seasons to international expansion, F. S. George V gave an easy way to enter the Paris market help Four Season can signed a management agreement with HRH Prince, it enable Four Seasons own unique capabilities to international expansion. Four Seasons create a famous reputation throughout worldwide; it provided a real distinctiveness that rivals cannot match. Four Seasons hotel provided more convenience services to customers, such as overnight service, room service breakfast and so on. In its firm infrastructure and human resource management to support that can provide good customer service capabilities and better quality service relative to rivals. Four Seasons to enforce the corporate culture down to the front-line employees, encourage self-discipline and setting performance standard so as to provide excellent service. Four Seasons service able give the guests feel at home. These valuable and rare capabilities that are difficult to imitate or substitute can contribute to sustained competitive advantage. Weaknesses Four Seasons hotel had not focus on an independent procurement department; it may lead to cannot purchase the lowest price and highest quality for the activities of the company. Thereby, it may affect go down attractiveness and reputation. Also, Four Seasons suffer recession in the early 1990s, result in plummeting stock prices and big losses drove Sharp sold almost all the ownership. These reflect that Four Seasons weak finances, poor cash flow and only dependent on luxury hotel revenue. Clear Identification of Core Competencies Four Seasons has a superior innovation, famous reputation and unparalleled service of core capabilities. These core potencies can provide a particular benefit to customers. Core competencies cover an integration of skills, knowledge and technology. This combination can then leads to Four Seasons possess competitive advantage. 1b) Identification Of Generic Competitive Strategy Based On CCs Four Seasons sustain to pursuing differentiation strategy and increasing the value of a service offering in the eyes of customers. Four Seasons clearly differentiated by its core capabilities to charge a premium price. Four Seasons provides its guests with a wealth of amenities in prime downtown locations, richly designed rooms, elegant restaurants, room service and unparalleled service. Its guests pay a premium for this clearly differentiated product. Also, Four Seasons possess unique capabilities to expand international market and owned a very famous brand. These unique capabilities were superior to that available from most competitors. Four Seasons current marketing strategy is to target the luxury traveler and to target the growing affluent people in the markets and provide them of luxury travel and accommodation. Four Seasons initiating the transformation of the traditional hotel into a sort of dream home for guests. Although Four Seasons were possess core capabilities to charge a premium price. However, no competitive advantage is sustainable; everything can be duplicated, so Four Seasons pursuing differentiation persistently. A differentiation strategy will give the Four Seasons a competitive advantage so it can capture more consumer demand. 2 a) The challenges of entering French market The global marketplace provides many opportunities for a company to increase their profitability. However not all countries are attractive equally. In addition, one of the major concerns of companies competing in foreign markets is whether to customize their offerings in each different country market to match the tastes and preferences of local buyers. Pankaj Ghemawat introduces a CAGE framework which help the company to find out the issue of different dimensions of distance. Mason A. Carpenter (2009) states that Any international expansion strategy would still need to be backed up by the specific capabilities possessed by the Four Seasons hotel, regardless of how rosy the CAGE analysis paints the picture. Culture Distance Different countries have different local cultures and customs. Frenchs vogue taste sensitivity different culture from North American domestic market. For instance French expect world-class restaurant with floral arrangement, but North American Four Seasons restaurant normally understated and providing delicious food. In addition, Different languages also affect management communication problems. Gregory G. Dess (2007) states that different languages may have the same roots but different meanings or connotations.  [1]  These differences may influence the success of a strategic initiative. Administrative Distance Four Seasons against administrative distance of incompatible. i.e. Four Seasons lay down 800 rules, but some of the rules are incompatible in France, such as waiters leave the coffee pot so that they can refill their cups, this approach viewed as poor service. Besides, French laws are more demanding: more taxes, more protection for the employees and more legal constraints1. The provision of Four Seasons must retain former employees unless they wanted to leave in France, owing to the some former employees do not reach the Four Seasons hiring standard required that might impede the competitive position of Four Seasons. Besides, the French government is constantly making changes in polices affecting your business.  [2]   Four Seasons need hiring policies and service performance standards homogeneously between French and North American domestic market. Also, Four Seasons specialize in medium-sized hotels with French. Geographic Distance The challenges face to Four Seasons differs from Frenchs geographic distance. It includes the size of country, differences in climates, information networks, nature of transportation and time differences. Economic Distance Four Seasons need to face differs France economic conditions which affect luxury hotel significantly. France provides expand opportunities obviously, due to bulk demand luxury hotels, but enter into France market also need to aware of the stability of a country i.e. currency risks. Currency fluctuations can pose substantial risks. Four Seasons must constantly monitor the exchange rate between own and French currency, even a small change in the exchange rate can result in a significant different in the cost of hotel operation or net profit. Moreover, France economic condition also affect luxury hotel significantly. Fast-growth economies obviously provide opportunities, but also was aware of the stability of a country 2b) The culture gap of French and North American was totally different i.e. French against luxury restaurant taste. French expect that world-class restaurant should provide elegance amenities with floral arrangement, but North American Four Seasons restaurant normally understated and only providing delicious food. Also, French leave the coffee pot on the table for guests, so that they can refill their cups themselves, but this approach was viewed as poor service in France. As a result of different culture context, therefore Four Seasons must go to meet them in order to provide exceptional quality to reduce the cultural differences. Four Seasons also had to upgrade some of the more tangible amenities to meet the French standards of luxury. Understanding the basis of some culture differences may help people not to react personally to behavior they dont understand. This is shown that Four Seasons persistently pursuing exceptional quality of luxury hotel. It enabled Four Seasons still able t o keep its competitive advantages in French market. In addition, Different languages distance also affect management communication and service quality management. Four Seasons should adopt common language to avoid unnecessary mistake. Owing to Four Seasons expand to France where should adopt French language, it can avoid unnecessary wrong in language aspect. Also, the frontline staff must spoke fluency local language, it enable the guest feeling a tenderness service. Four Seasons should adapt the above of distance when it entered into the French market enable Four Seasons keep the competitive advantage of exceptional of service. Four Seasons against administrative distance of incompatible in France. A lot of law and regulation were protecting local. Besides, the French government is constantly making changes in polices affecting your business.  [3]  Also, France government provision protect its local employee, thus Four Seasons must retain of George former employees. However some foreign employers find French employees difficult to deal with and lacking in initiative. They tend not to relate well to others: the French are too individualistic. They dont always identify strongly with the company. One Austrian executive said, On occasion the French can be brutal and rude.  [4]  Result in Four Seasons need recruit mass employees provide train simultaneously to keep exceptional service and reputation. The challenges face to Four Seasons differs from Frenchs geographic distance, the Frances competition environment, market and the labor force problems, Four Seasons must clear understand 2c) Four Seasons was pursuing a multidomestic strategy. However, Finance and North American culture not the same, therefore culture differences may also require Four Seasons to adapt its local culture when it expands internationally such as service performance standard.. In North American, the guest valued time particularly and productivity. Thus phone calls will be answered before the fourth ring and no guest will wait longer than 60 seconds at the reception desk. Whereas French pursuing living standard such as required staff spent more time take care them. So Four Seasons need customize its services to meet the specific needs and preferences of local customers. Also, Four Seasons so as to meet local adapt French guest needs to enlarge rooms, from origin 300 to 245 rooms. It was able to detect potential opportunities for attractive niches in a given market, enhancing revenue. France governments regulated that required Four Seasons retaining a large number of former employees for new recruiting unless they wanted to leave result in Four Seasons need screen more than 10,000 applicants to recruit 400 position. Thus Four Seasons must localization to meet local specific needs. In order to make Four Seasons more localization, Four Seasons choose Didier Le Calvez as a Frances general manager. In doing so Four Seasons can decentralized strategic business units in France with considerable strategic autonomy and focuses on the specific competitive forces with France.

Cardiovascular Case Study

Atrial Septal Defect(ASD) is a very large problem concerning the heart in its overall function. When the heart, being the core of the cardiovascular system, has issues; it effects the rest of the body as a result. The core of the problem resides in the atrial septum. Normally the heart is divided into four separate chambers. But a person with atrial septal defect has an atrial septum that allows the blood from the left side of the heart back into the right side. This results in increased pulmonary blood flow and diastolic overload of the right ventricle.By having this constant left-to-right shunt, it can alter the pulmonary vascular resistance leading to hypertension or even the reversal of the shunt itself. There are three types of Atrial Septal Defects: ostium secundum, ostium primum, and sinus venosus. The opening of the atrial septum may be small, on the count of the foramen ovale failing to close; or large, when the septum is completely absent from the heart itself. There is a v ery logical explanation between Ryans inability to gain weight, as well as not taking an interest in food during meals.His body isn't able to grow normally because the exchange of nutrients and waste products in his body is completely deficient. He isn't absorbing the adequate amount of nutrients that his body needs. Him being 11-months old, this causes a huge problem because nutrition is extremely important. His heart is working less efficiently, which makes the blood traveling throughout his body subsequently deficient as well. All of the systems in Ryans body are going to be affected by his diagnosis of Atrial Septal Defect. Ryans growth and development is not appropriate for his age.Ryan was born weighing 7lbs, and now, 11 months later he is 15. 4 lbs. He is close to being a 1 year old, and his birth weight should be a little less that triple the amount that he was at birth. Ryan should be approximately 21 lbs at his current age, leaving about a 5-6 lb deficit. Ryans parents sta ted that he doesn't crawl or attempt to stand because of the fact that he gets out of breath easily. This is being caused by the Atrial Septal Defect. All he can do is sit unsupported, which he should have been able to do at 8 months.At 11 months old, Ryan should be able to stand upright holding onto an adults hand, as well as feed himself finger foods and drink from a sippy cup. He should be able to pull himself up to a standing position as well. Also, sleeping after eating is just an indication of how much energy it is for him to complete a meal, which is making him uninterested in food overall. Again, all of these factors seem to be affected by his current diagnosis. Ryan is currently on Digoxin 200 micrograms and Furosemide 10 mg q day.He is prescribed Digoxin because this medication increases overall cardiac output as well as slowing the heart rate. This is good for Ryan, because at this point he is not receiving the appropriate amount of output needed for his growth and develo pment. Furosemide is a diuretic that treats fluid retention as well as hypertension. This is important because when there is a defect with the heart, pulmonary issues may occur when fluid retention begins. Also, Ryan is currently predisposed to hypertension because of his condition. Ryans current Potassium level was at a 2. 9 mml/L.Adequate levels of Potassium compared to his age should be at 3. 3-4. 7 mmol/L. Too little Potassium affects the hearts frequency as well as contractions. His Digoxin levels were tested to see if the medication was becoming toxic. He was at a 2. 6 ng/ml which is in the upper limits, but not enough to be considered toxic. Here are some examples of nursing diagnosis' that patients like Ryan would have: Risk for deficient fluid volume related to preoperative diarrhea. Impaired nutrition; less than body requirements. Decreased cardiac output related to pre-existing compromise in cardiac function.Fatigue related to decreased cardiac output. Nursing Diagnosis' for Ryan Post Operative would be: Risk for infection related to surgical incision. Acute pain related to post operative surgery. Impaired verbal communication related to age. Risk for aspiration related to immobility. Teaching is such a vital component in ensuring that all patients are fully aware of their medical condition. Ryan, being an 11 month old, the teaching must go to his parents. They will need to be supplied information about Atrial Septal Defect, surgeries involved, and the prognosis when completed.They will need specific information about the medications that Ryan is going to be on. They will need to be aware of the medications actions, side effects, and possible signs of toxicity/allergies. If Ryan were to have surgery, they would need to be taught how to care for the incision properly to avoid infection. They will need to know the signs and symptoms of infection. Last, they will need to ensure that they are constantly promoting proper growth and development with Ryan, so a daily plan must be made. That includes activities, diet, etc.

Diagram Architecture

Reading Response (Diagrams Matter by Stan Allen) â€Å"A diagram architecture is not necessary an architecture produced through diagrams†¦. Instead, diagram architecture is an architecture that behaves like a diagram, indifferent to the specific meaner of its realization. † (Par. 13) This paragraph points out the answer that beginners architecture students struggled to find. In the process of design, I try to find the potential through the translation from reality to the abstract diagram.While I wonder if the architecture should carefully be developed room the analysis; the images representing the essential information. Comparing the statement of Stan Allen to the analysis project for this semester, I realized, the diagrams give us the chance to study and create in a special way by not duplicating what is already given. â€Å"†¦ Since nothing can enter architecture without having been first converted into graphic form, the actual mechanism of graphic conversion is f undamental. In my opinion, the use of diagram does not describe the actual object but shows the relationship between different elements or technique that was used to mom up with one simple design idea. Most students in architecture usually struggle to make an efficient diagram to show things such as concept, process and analysis drawing. Thinking about the feature of diagram, the visual character is to represent the simplicity of an object.To me, it meaner the diagram is abstract tool to represent the idea and the process of design. But Stan Allen defines the diagram as the organization, â€Å"description of potential relationships among elements, not only an abstract model of the way things behave in the world but a map of possible orals. † (Par. 1) And these possible worlds became full of invisible images and information opposing to materiality of buildings.In this invisible time, the diagram has potential to be efficient method as well as strong tool in architecture becaus e â€Å"a diagrammatic practice locates itself between the actual and the virtual†. Stan Allen argues and states a lot of architects' portfolios, theory and practice who do use diagrams to create architecture. He does believe they are not Just a single statement but rather they are transposing ideas rather than translating them. We generate diagrams to create new ideas.He even goes as far as dividing the diagrams into stages of generating ideas, to communicate. Overall, diagramming helps to gather all information/data that surround a project, compare relationships and discover new information that might help to design effectively. The most difficult bridge to cross is applying one's diagram and relationship to the overall design. From this reading, I am convinced diagrams helps to manipulate information to symbols to understand the basic concept of a design.

Texas Politics in the early 20th century essays

Texas Politics in the early 20th century essays In the book, "The Establishment in Texas Politics," by George Norris Green, Mr. Green describes how, since 1939, fiscal and social conservatives have governed Texas. Anglo-Texas nationalism supported the idea of Texas independence from groups including the federal government as it pertains to laws overseeing business practices. From the traditionalistic-individualistic scheme of Texas politics emerged a philosophy of material self-interest above anything that might be considered fair to other groups within the borders of the state. To make matters worse (or better, depending on your own political persuasion) Texas at that time was a one-party system, and the powers that be relied on a consistently low level of voter participation and the powerful influence of special interest lobby groups. Interest groups sprang forth from the business landscape tilled by capitalist pioneers such as H.L. Hunt, Sid Richardson and Clint Murchison. These independent millionaires were concerned with preserving capital and enhancing shareholder value by reducing the interference by governmental socialists who sought to redistribute wealth though the use of social programs. These men, and many more like them, cared little about government and wanted no intervention in their economic affairs. Their attitudes were consistent with the popular values of the Jeffersonian Democrats of the nineteenth century: The less government the better, local control of what little government there was, and freedom from economic regulation, or laissez-faire. Three men, W. Lee O'Daniel, Coke Stevenson and Beauford Jester came to epitomize Texas conservatives during this period of Texas history. Each man, whether they knew it or not, practiced a type of pseudo laissez-faire that would later be known as Social-Darwinism; the belief that individuals who prosper and rise to the top of the socioeconomic ladder are worthy and deserve their riches, while those who sink to the botto...

Corporate Social Responsibility of Starbucks Essay Example

Corporate Social Responsibility of Starbucks Essay Example Corporate Social Responsibility of Starbucks Paper Corporate Social Responsibility of Starbucks Paper Corporate Social Responsibility of a company: Starbucks Starbucks, the largest coffeehouse company in the world, is a company that tries to make business in a socially responsible way. The firm is not only about making coffee but also about treating with dignity the clients and the environment where they are operating into. Hereby, we will discuss the different actions undertaken by Starbucks in order to be socially correct. One word that could best describe the mission of the company is  «commitment ». First, Starbucks is commited to its origins. It invests great amounts of money that benefit coffee producers, as well as the natural environment. By doing that, it helps to improve the lives of coffee farmers and at the same time they protect the environment where they cultivate their beans. Moreover, Starbucks supports the preservation of the environment. It tries to reduce waste from its operations and to recycle, in order to have a healthier planet. Some examples are the use of environmentally friendly products, the recognition that the fiscal responsibility is crucial to the future of the world’s environment, and the measure of the progress for each project. In addition, Starbucks shows its commitment to its partners. Therefore, it provides a great working environment by treating each employee with respect and dignity. Furthermore, it embraces diversity by recruiting people from all over the world. Last but not least, the coffeehouse does not forget the local communities. Its purpose is to contribute to those communities by encouraging its partners to become active participants in the place where they work. In conclusion, Starbucks is a company that respects people, the environment, and consequently, the planet. The coffeehouse could be a great example for other companies that do not care about social issues and just try to increase their profits. If other companies followed the way that Starbucks is operating, the world would become a better place to live. Bibliography: http://gr. starbucks. com/en-US/_Social+Responsibility/_Social+Responsibilities/Environment+Mission+Statement. htm

Figurative Language in Verbal Communication Literature review

Figurative Language in Verbal Communication - Literature review Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that gaining knowledge of the function of figurative language in effective communication necessitates an understanding of the interpersonal processes of everyday interaction. Individuals express themselves figuratively for purposes of civility, to escape liability for the introduction of what is conveyed, to articulate insights that are hard to communicate employing exact language, and to articulate ideas in a dense and vibrant way (Jacques 2006). Hence, figurative language is employed to articulate and induce emotions in numerous forms of conversational contexts. Politics is an excellent domain to view how figurative language may be used particularly to induce specific emotions (Jacques 2006), which may consequently affect an individual’s perception of several issues. Politicians are prominent, or controversial, for their application of figurative language to stir up emotions. Take for instance the deliberation that occurred in 1991 i n the U.S. Senate over whether the nation should intervene militarily against Iraq for its attack on Kuwait (Sadri & Flammia 2011). Figurative language was extensively exercised by the Democrats and the Republican to strengthen their arguments. For example, a Republican senator attempted to stir up the public’s emotional reaction to Hussein by portraying him in dramatic figurative expressions (Sadri & Flammia 2011: 156): Saddam Hussein is like a glutton—a geopolitical glutton. He is sitting down at a big banquet table, overflowing with goodies. And let me tell you—like every glutton, he is going to have them all. Kuwait is just the appetizer. He is gobbling it up—but it is not going to satisfy him. After a noisy belch or two, he is going to reach across the table for the next morsel. What is it going to be? Saudi Arabia? He is going to keep grabbing and gobbling. It is time to let this grisly glutton know the free lunch is over. It is time for him to pay the bill. Hence, this paper argues that figurative language can communicate understated indications of meaning in a manner that exact language cannot. Specifically, various figurative terms strongly express an individual’s figurative idea of the emotional encounter. Various empirical and linguistic scholars substantiate this assumption (Walch Publishing 2007). Moreover, according to Jacques (2006), one indication of meaning that metaphorical language may convey is the extent of emotion. In everyday life, individuals do not merely reveal emotional encounters with partners, friends, and family members, but these emotional encounters may comprise these family members and close friends in varied ways. Due to this, emotional communication is prone to be moderated by issues of face management and by standards of self-recognition of emotions (Walch Publishing 2007). A number of studies have reported findings consistent with the assumption that face management issues and social stand ards influence emotional communication.  

Trust Law Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Trust Law Assignment - Essay Example As a result there is no uniform set of rules capable of general application. As often happens, the applicable standards in one case may be obsolete in another case. Therefore, ascertaining the validity and enforceability of a declaration of trust can be an onerous task. Ivor’s attempt to create trusts is no exception as will be borne out in the preceding passages. When Ivor Fortune conveyed his seaside property to his brother Max with specific instructions that he hold the same in trust for Ivor’s mistress Gloria, absolutely, the instructions constituted a declaration of trust. Whether or not it amounted to a valid and enforceable declaration of trust is another matter entirely. Certainly Ivor’s instructions to Max were sufficient to create a trust since a declaration of trust can be created by word of mouth ‘or even inferred from conduct.’1 In fact, failure to use specific words, do not render the creation of a trust invalid as ‘no particular form of words are necessary.’2 Indeed Ivor’s instructions to Max are consistent with the three requisite certainties necessary for the creation of a trust. These certainties are certainty of subject matter, intention as well as objects. The subject matter is the trust property, intention is words and conduct capable of defining the intent by the donor to create a trust and the objects are the intended beneficiaries.3 That said, the subject matter is the seaside property, the intention to create a trust are contained in the instructions given to Max and the object is Gloria. The validity of the trust is compromised by the fact that it is not an ordinary declaration of trust. The trust created by Ivor is a secret trust which requires closer examination. A secret trust is created when a donor makes a transfer of putative trust property to another by virtue of a deed of trust or a will or by some other instrument while separate and apart from the bequest requests that the property be

Clinical Issue Article Analysis Step 4 Research Paper

Clinical Issue Article Analysis Step 4 - Research Paper Example in Urology Patients are that all healthcare members need to understand the diagnostic criteria and the utilization of tools used for daily assessment. The article on a pragmatic study exploring the prevention of delirium findings is that there is there is the need to use end-user support in the implementation of evidence based clinical decision support tools. The last article on Delirium Prevention for Cognitive, Sensory, and Mobility Impairments findings is that nursing protocols used will not be in a position of preventing delirium in elderly patients. The three qualitative and three quantities research articles have been thoroughly researched with the researchers using pre-intervention and post-intervention study as design and this makes the findings trustworthy and valid. There exist conflicts and gaps from the six articles as each provides a different conclusion and findings. However, in all the articles come to a similar conclusion as they provide different ways of dealing with delirium in hospitalized patients. Holroyd-Leduc1, R., Abelseth, G., Khandwala, F., Silvius, J., Hogan, D., Schmaltz, H., Frank, C. (2010). A pragmatic study exploring the prevention of delirium among hospitalized older hip fracture patients: Applying evidence to routine clinical practice using clinical decision support. Implementation Science, 5, 1-6. Foreman, M. D., Mion, L. C., Trygstad, L. J., & Fletcher, K. (2003). Delirium: Strategies for assessing and treating. In M. Mezey, T. Fulmer, I. Abraaham, & D. Zwicker (Eds.). Geriatric nursing protocols for best practice (2nd ed., pp. 63-75). New York:

Why chinese mothers are superior Essay Example for Free

Why chinese mothers are superior Essay How do you raise your child in the best way? Is it the Western or Chinese methods to prefer? That is the big question in this article. Amy Chua takes her starting point in her own life, where she raises her two daughters, Sophia and Louisa. Their upbringing is influenced by the Chinese methods. Amy Chua never allowed them to attend a sleepover or get any grade less than an A for instance. 1 The sender of this article is the 50-year old Chinese woman, Amy Chua, who is a professor at Yale Law School, USA. She argues that the Chinese methods are the most effective way of raising a successful child. According to Amy, there are three main differences between Western and Chinese parenting. First of all, Western parents are concerned about their children’s’ psyches, while Chinese, roughly said, aren’t. For instance, if a child comes home with a B on the test, some Western parents would still praise their child. The Chinese mother would probably gasp in horror and start an immediate long and hard practice session. Secondly, Chinese parents believe that their kids owe them everything, while Western parents like Jed (her husband) has the opposite view. The Westerners will most likely say, the children don’t choose their parents and the children don’t owe their parents anything. â€Å"Their duty will be to their own kids†. 2 Third, Chinese parents know what is best for their children, while Western parents will probably say that the children must figure out themselves what’s best for them. As you can see, there is a huge cultural barrier between the Chinese and Western parenting. She uses studies in her article, which increases her credibility like, â€Å"In one study of 50 Western American mothers and 48 Chinese immigrant mothers, almost 70 % of the Westerns mothers said either that â€Å"stressing academic success is not good for children†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. By contrast, roughly 0 % Chinese mothers felt the same way†¦Ã¢â‚¬ 3 Even though she uses a lot of studies to increase her credibility, it is still important to notice that the article is entirely subjective. Throughout the story, you can sense that Amy Chua thinks the Chinese methods are the most effective way to raise a successful and happy child. It is exemplified in her story about Lulu, who tries intensively to learn a piano piece called â€Å"The Little White Donkey†. Lulu cannot do it in the beginning, because it is a very difficult piece of art for young players. That is not acceptable for Amy Chua, who keeps pushing and threatening her (according to Western mothers). According to Amy Chua, she is just motivating Lulu to achieve her goals. Amy Chua’s husband says, he does not want to see Lulu get insulted and mistreated like that. â€Å"Sophia could play that piece, when she was this age†, Amy responded. So Amy and Lulu continued practicing and all of a sudden, Lulu did it. Even Jed gave Amy credit for that one. Jed (as a Western parent) worries a lot about her self-esteem, because Amy pushes Lulu to the edge. But as a parent according to Amy, one of the worst things you can for your child’s self-esteem is to let them give up. â€Å"There’s nothing better for building confidence than learning you can do something you thought you couldn’t†. The story about Lulu and the title of the article provokes the reader. She uses a provocation for the intended reader, who is most likely parents in the USA, by naming the article â€Å"Why Chinese Mothers Are Superior† which demeans the reader’s parenting skills. It engages the reader to read the story, because they want to know why she would say such thing. Furthermore, Amy constantly compares the Western and the Chinese mothers and it is often to lead the reader in a certain direction. She uses the story to increase her credibility by telling the reader that the Chinese method is an effective way to success. The children must possess a strong psyche to survive the very rough Chinese methods of upbringing. The Chinese methods can have fatal consequences for the children. You can for instance lose your individuality as a human being by trying to satisfy everyone but yourself. You also lose the ability of self-realization, where you can do exactly what you want to do. The Chinese methods, roughly said, transform you into an object instead of a human being. It is documented that the methods cause psychological damage to a lot of children in China. The high suicide rates, depressions and rebellious behavior are a consequence of the very rough methods of upbringing. Lots of children’s academic excellence is â€Å"forced† rather than chosen. Some children may respond well to â€Å"Chinese mothering†, and hopefully for Amy Chua’s sake, her own daughters are among them. But on the other hand it is impossible to be â€Å"the No. 1 in every subject except gym and drama. †4 It is important to have diligence, but on the other hand, you’ve got to have some talent as well – especially, if you want to be the best at everything. Let me conclude by repeating that it is not healthy for every child to be forced to achieve academic excellence. You have to respect every child’s individuality and support their decisions, so they do not end up by doing something they actually do not want to do.

Pride And Prejudice - Point Of View Essay -- essays research papers

Marry For Love The point of view of a novel usually decides which characters we sympathize with. In the novel Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen, Elizabeth Bennett is the focal character, which causes the reader to feel closest to her. The reader can relate more easily to her feelings and actions, and given that all of Elizabeth’s opinions on large issues are known and understood, the reader tends to side with her. By making the story from the point of view of Elizabeth, Austen is able to take advantage of the closeness between reader and character to make a political statement about the institution of marriage, and thus shows her own feeling that it is a mistake to marry for any other reason besides love. One way that she shows her feelings on matrimony is by using Elizabeth’s voice as her own to approve of some characters decisions about marriage. Elizabeth’s approval of certain characters shows Austen’s approval, and in this case, Elizabeth approves of the marriage between Jane and Bingley. Jane and Bingley show throughout the novel their genuine affection for one another, and Elizabeth observes about Bingley’s affection for Jane, "I never saw a more promising inclination. He was growing quite inattentive to other people, and wholly engrossed by her†¦ Is not general incivility the very essence of love?" (106). Mrs. Bennett approves of the match mostly on a monetary basis, and exclaims, "Why, he has four or five thousand a year, and very likely more. Oh my dear Jane, I am so happy!" (260). Elizabeth, however, looks down on her mother for this, and approves of the marriage because she can tell that the two are truly in love with one another. Austen also makes those in love the happiest of all the characters. Jane and Bingley are truly in love, consequently, they are two of the happiest characters in the novel. Jane announces that, "’Tis too much! By far too much. I do not deserve it. Oh! why is not everybody as happy?" (259) and, "I am certainly the most fortunate creature that ever existed!" (262). Jane and Bingley’s happiness shows the author’s approval of their marriage. Austen uses Elizabeth’s voice as her own to make the statement that love is the only acceptable reason to marry. Another way that Austen uses Elizabeth to show her feelings on the issue of matrimony is b... ...iven to Wickham by Darcy, they are the ones in the worst financial situation. "They were always moving from place to place in quest of a cheap situation, and always spending more than they ought" (290-291). By using Elizabeth as the character from whose point of view we see the other characters, we are shown by Austen how to feel about each specific situation. In the case of Lydia and Wickham, we are to agree with Elizabeth (and thus Austen) that they have gotten what they deserve for jumping into marriage for the wrong reasons. Therefore, Austen’s voice comes through Elizabeth to make the statement that it is foolish to marry for any reason besides love. Jane Austen uses Elizabeth as the focal character in the novel Pride and Prejudice to relay a message to the reader. Her own voice comes through Elizabeth to make the political statement that it is unwise to marry for any reason other than love. Elizabeth (and thus Austen) feels that true happiness cannot be achieved in a marriage unless there is a great deal of love between the partners, and so explains her pursuit for true love, and her disapproval of marriage between those she knows are not in love.

Are Concerns over Immigration to Do with Culture of Economic Reasons Essay

Almost all economists are in agreement that immigration has positive economic effects. Indeed in the United States it â€Å"provides natives with a net benefit of at least $80,000 per immigrant, or as much as $10 billion annually† (Bolin, 2006). However despite this there are huge numbers of advocacy groups pushing the pros and cons immigration to the populations of the host countries, with natives having negative views towards immigration (McLaren & Johnson, 2007). Through the course of this essay I will examine whether the root cause of these often xenophobic views towards immigration have root causes in economic reasons (immigrants taking jobs from natives, and leading to lower wages) or symbolic reasons, where the natives are fearful that the immigrants will bring their culture to the host country and cause change. Enoch Powell, the Conservative British politician, gave a warning that immigrants were causing such strife that â€Å"like the Roman, I seem to see the River Tiber foaming with much blood† (Powell, 1969). This turned out to be nonsense, and his advice that immigrants should be encouraged to leave, would have left Britain, and many other countries that rely on cheap foreign labour in a horrific state of affairs. Immigrants are now taking far longer to integrate into their host country and this is upsetting many natives. â€Å"In the past a third-generation migrant, for example in America, would have been expected to have shed much of his grandparents’ identity† (The Economist, 2008), not speaking his mother tongue and having little loyalty to the country his family originated from. This is changing â€Å"as migrants feel loyalty to more than one country† (The Economist, 2008). For example, Moroccans in Europe, even fourth generation, are encouraged by the Government to identify with the African country, and are granted Moroccan citizenship under the constitution. As many source countries such as India and China grow intent on gaining remittances from their emigres, â€Å"migrants even several generations on may come under great pressure to retain some of their old identity† (The Economist, 2008). This can all lead to immigrants never becoming fully integrated into the host country, causing social problems such as immigrants bunching together in the same place. Due to globalisation and time-space compression, it has become far easier for migrants to emigrate further away from their own country, this causes problems as they subsequently have little in common with their host country and find it harder to integrate into the community. Traveling long distances to emigrate is no longer a problem and in the future there will be the problem of â€Å"people moving greater distances and settling among different ethnic, religious and cultural groups† (The Economist, 2008), meaning they will have problems integrating. â€Å"Danes in Sweden or Albanians in Greece have little trouble integrating into the relatively familiar societies next door. Even Poles in Ireland prosper, perhaps thanks to the incomers’ good standard of education and skill and the shared Catholic faith. But Iraqis in Sweden, Somalis in Canada or Pakistanis in Norway typically find integration harder† (The Economist, 2008). Samuel Huntington blames this on the â€Å"great divisions among humankind† (Huntington, 1993) that are the differences between civilisations. He believes that immigration will ‘intensify civilization consciousness and awareness of differences between civilizations and commonalities within civilizations’ (Huntington, 1993). This leads to a ‘them versus us’ attitude, with the natives having the xenophobic view that the immigrants are qualitatively different from themselves. As the natives of the host country would have spent time constructing â€Å"discursive practices that attempt to fix meanings which enable the differentiation between the inside and the outside to be made† (Doty, 1996), they will resent immigrants not properly integrating themselves into the community. Research on social identity appears to conclude that identity is highly important to individuals, with individuals protecting these identities even if they have no realistic meaning (Monroe, et al. , 2000). People use these identities to provide a sense of self (Sniderman, et al. 2004), partly in order that they may distinguish between those similar to themselves and those different. The ‘identities tend to have their basis in perceptions of differences’ (McLaren & Johnson, 2007)with those viewed as outsiders thought to have radically different values and approaches to life. â€Å"The threat posed by minorities and immigrants may be symbolic in nature and may stem from concerns about the loss of certain values or ways of life† (McLaren & Johnson, 2007), due to immigrants having a significant presence in the host country. Immigrants also often congregate in areas of the host country, London for example has a huge immigrant and minority presence with only 44. 9% classing themselves as ‘White British’ (Gye, 2012), in the 2011 census. This all means that natives are fearful that immigrants will cause them to adapt or change their ways of life. Migrants who preserve â€Å"a strong religious sense that cuts across any national loyalty may be the hardest of all to assimilate into broadly secular Western societies†. In the post-9/11 world Muslims are often seen as being the greatest cultural threat to Western societies. In a recent survey McLaren and Johnson measured anti-Muslim feeling in the United Kingdom. They found that 62% of people agreed with the statement that British Muslims are more loyal to Muslims around the world, than to other Britons, only 12% disagreed. Only 30% of Britons felt that Muslims living in Britain were committed to Britain, with 47% feeling that they could never be committed to Britain. 52% of people thought that Britain would begin to lose its identity if more Muslims came to live there. Clearly there is considerable anti-Muslim feeling in Britain and concern that British-Muslims pose a threat to the identity and culture of Britain (McLaren & Johnson, 2007). Most economists are in agreement that immigration has very little effect on native’s wages; this should mean that natives won’t oppose immigration based on the misbelief that immigrants lower wages. Although conventional economic wisdom states that an increase in supply of labour will lead to a decrease in price, this doesn’t happen. Friedberg and Hunt conclude that a 10% increase in immigrant levels in the population, decreases wages by 1% (Friedberg & Hunt, 1995). Economist Francisco Revera-Batiz came to the same conclusion, noting that although immigration has increased the supply of low skilled workers into the United States, there has been very little impact on the wages of high school dropouts, the lowest skilled people in America (Rivera-Batiz, 1998). One of the most influential studies is Card’s 1990 study on the Miami Labour market after the sudden influx of 125,000 Cuban immigrants in 1980 due to a sharp downturn in the Cuban economy. Surprisingly the arrival of so many immigrants didn’t affect native wages, although it did lower the overall wage level in Miami; due to the immigrants being employed in low-wage jobs (Card, 1990). This tallies with the outcomes of other natural experiments in recent history such as the homecoming of 600,000 Portuguese after the collapse of their empire in Africa in 1974-76, the return of 900,000 Frenchmen from Algeria in 1962 (The Economist, 2008) or the influx of 610,000 Russian Jews into Israel 1990-94, increasing the labour force by 12%; all had negligible effects on native wages. Immigrants don’t decrease wages because as well as increasing the supply of labour, they become a domestic consumer for goods as well as services, they â€Å"create jobs as consumers and fill jobs as producers† (Bolin, 2006). A higher total population, ceteris parabus, will lead to the production of more goods and services, boosting the host countries gross domestic product (GDP). In some rare cases immigrants can even boost native’s wages. Illegal Mexican immigrants, who are â€Å"predominantly low skilled† (Bolin, 2006), have a positive effect on other workers’ wages (Bean, et al. 1998). This is due to immigration increasing the productivity of native workers by â€Å"taking low-skilled jobs, freeing higher-skilled workers to work in higher-skilled employment where they can be more productive† (Bolin, 2006). Based on the results of a range of economists, using results based on a â€Å"range of methodologies† (Bolin, 2006), it can be seen that immigrants have a small negative impact on native wages, although mainly low-skilled workers. Based on this, natives shouldn’t be concerned over immigration levels based on their own wages falling. The popular theory that immigrants ‘come over here and take our jobs’, has been shown to hold very little truth, as most studies â€Å"find no or negligible effect[s]† (Bolin, 2006) on employment rates. The ‘lump of labour fallacy’ is the mistaken idea that there are a set number of jobs in the economy, and when an immigrant takes one of those jobs, it is a job lost for a native. This is incorrect for three reasons. Firstly, by coming to a country â€Å"immigrants increase the supply of labour and hence reduce wages. In turn, cheaper labour increases the potential return to employers to build new factories or expand their operations. In so doing, they create extra demand for workers† (Grinda, 2006), and more jobs are created. Secondly, immigrants are consumers as well as producers. When there is a large influx of immigrants such as the 610,000 Russian-Jews into Israel in the early 1990’s, they are in need of goods and services. People are employed to provide these goods and services, meaning more jobs added to the economy, and immigrants simply enlarge the economy. Thirdly, immigrants are 10 to 20 percent more likely to become entrepreneurs and start their own business than natives (Briggs & Moore, 1994). In 1999, The Wall Street Journal reported that â€Å"Chinese and Indian immigrants run nearly 25% of the high-companies started in [Silicon] Valley since 1980†¦The 2,775 immigrant-run companies had total sales of $16. 8 billion and more than 58,000 employees† (Thurm, 1999). â€Å"Immigrants not only take jobs, they make jobs. They open new businesses that employ natives as well as other immigrants and themselves. And they do so in important numbers† (Simon, 1999). Similarly, the findings by Friedberg and Hunt discovers â€Å"no evidence of economically significant reductions in native employment†. Card, as well as examining the impact of the Muriel boatlift on wages also examined the impact of it on employment. Even though Miami’s workforce was increased by 7%, virtually overnight, with an influx of relatively unskilled Cuban workers he finds â€Å"no evidence of an increase in unemployment among less skilled blacks or other non-Cuban workers. Rather the data analysis suggests a remarkably rapid absorption of the Muriel immigrants into the Miami labour force† (Card, 1990). Again with immigrant’s impact on wages, the evidence seems to suggest that a lack of evidence that immigration causes native unemployment. This should mean that concerns over immigration should not be linked to worries over employment. Due to immigrants being â€Å"disproportionately low-skill[ed]† (Bolin, 2006) they tend to have lower wages than natives. It is often assumed therefore that they depend more upon the welfare system than natives. The level of benefits are often higher in the host country than the source country, and it is often suggested that it is this difference that brings in migrants. Borjas coined the term â€Å"welfare magnet effect† (Borjas, 1999), making the point that immigrants are drawn to the country with the highest benefits. This however has all been shown to be completely false, and many economists believe that over the long term immigrants more than pay for the public services they use (Simon, 1999). In the United States â€Å"most immigrants, including Mexicans, are usually less likely than comparable natives to receive welfare†, with the per capita cost of social welfare for immigrants being 8% less than the per capita cost for natives (Bean, et al. 1998). It is plain to see that objections to immigration come from those who are worried about the identity and culture of their nation being eroded, rather than for economic reasons. Immigrants are solving many problems for the host countries, such as the problems of aging populations and those participating in the workforce being increasing choosy about the jobs they do. Immigrants have few economic disadvantages, although high immigration may bring about a small decrease in jobs for the natives, the tax revenue that they bring in more than displaces this negative effect. As the immigrants have little impact on jobs, and simply create more jobs in the economy, disproving the lump of labour fallacy, they don’t have a negative impact on wages which is a positive for the economy as a whole. The argument that immigrants have a negative impact on the identity and culture of a nation holds some truth. Due to the fact that a nation’s identity is made up of what its inhabitants believe it to be, immigrants having different views, can water this identity down.